Volvo V60 Recalls (2011-2026)
The Volvo V60 has been the subject of 21 recall campaigns on record with NHTSA across the 2011 to 2026 model years. They cluster mostly around the seat belts, electrical system, and service brakes.
The Volvo V60 scores 35 out of 100 (grade D), a busier recall record than most. That score reflects how serious the recalls are rather than how many. 81% involve a critical safety system, none carried a do-not-drive warning, and 43% were issued in the last three years. How the score works.
Those 21 campaigns span 16 model years of the Volvo V60. The single largest affected 413,151 vehicles, over back over prevention. A recall repair is free at a franchised dealer and most never expire, so an older open recall is still worth fixing. Beyond recalls, you can also see the most common V60 problems owners report and its crash-test safety ratings.
The full record is below, grouped first by model year and then listed in detail. Each entry gives the defect NHTSA describes, the safety risk it creates, the manufacturer's remedy, the number of vehicles in that campaign, and the dates. A recall covers a whole production run, so a campaign listed for the Volvo V60 may not apply to your exact vehicle, and one you have already had repaired will still appear in the history. To see what is actually open and unfixed on a specific car, check its 17-digit VIN.
Volvo V60 recalls by model year
Recall activity by model year. Select a year to jump to its recalls below. Older years often carry more recalls simply because defects surface over time.
Volvo V60 recalls by affected system
Which vehicle systems the recalls touch, using NHTSA's component groups. Select a system to see how it is recalled across every make and model.
Recalls by model year
2025 Volvo V60 Recalls
3 recalls affect the 2025 Volvo V60, involving the back over prevention and service brakes.
2024 Volvo V60 Recalls
3 recalls affect the 2024 Volvo V60, involving the back over prevention and service brakes.
2023 Volvo V60 Recalls
5 recalls affect the 2023 Volvo V60, involving the back over prevention, electrical system, and service brakes.
2022 Volvo V60 Recalls
4 recalls affect the 2022 Volvo V60, involving the electrical system, steering, and engine and engine cooling.
2021 Volvo V60 Recalls
4 recalls affect the 2021 Volvo V60, involving the seat belts, electrical system, and steering.
2020 Volvo V60 Recalls
5 recalls affect the 2020 Volvo V60, involving the electrical system, service brakes, and steering.
2019 Volvo V60 Recalls
4 recalls affect the 2019 Volvo V60, involving the electrical system, steering, and fuel system.
2018 Volvo V60 Recalls
2 recalls affect the 2018 Volvo V60, involving the seat belts and electrical system.
2017 Volvo V60 Recalls
6 recalls affect the 2017 Volvo V60, involving the seat belts, air bags, and latches/locks/linkages.
2016 Volvo V60 Recalls
4 recalls affect the 2016 Volvo V60, involving the seat belts, latches/locks/linkages, and electrical system.
2015 Volvo V60 Recalls
2 recalls affect the 2015 Volvo V60, involving the seat belts and latches/locks/linkages.
2014 Volvo V60 Recalls
2 recalls affect the 2014 Volvo V60, involving the seat belts and latches/locks/linkages.
2013 Volvo V60 Recalls
2 recalls affect the 2013 Volvo V60, involving the seat belts and latches/locks/linkages.
2012 Volvo V60 Recalls
2 recalls affect the 2012 Volvo V60, involving the seat belts and latches/locks/linkages.
2011 Volvo V60 Recalls
2 recalls affect the 2011 Volvo V60, involving the seat belts and latches/locks/linkages.
Every Volvo V60 recall in detail
Select any recall to read the full defect, risk, and remedy text. Do Not Drive and Park Outside warnings stay visible without opening anything.
Back Over Prevention
- Affected years
- 2023-2025 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 413,151
- Reported
- Dec 23, 2025
- Owners notified
- Mar 2, 2026
Defect: Volvo Car USA, LLC (Volvo Car) is recalling certain 2021-2025 XC40, 2022 V90, 2022-2024 C40BEV, 2022-2025 S90, V90CC, XC60, 2023-2025 S60, V60, V60CC, XC90, and 2025 EC40, and EX40 vehicles. The rearview camera image may not display when the vehicle is placed in reverse. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 111, "Rear Visibility."
Risk: A rearview camera image that does not display reduces the driver's view behind the vehicle, increasing the risk of a crash.
Remedy: The software will be updated by a dealer or through an over-the-air (OTA) update, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed February 24, 2026. Owners may contact Volvo Car’s customer service at 1-800-458-1552. Volvo Car's number for this recall is R10333. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall will be searchable on NHTSA.gov beginning February 16, 2026. This recall replaces previous NHTSA recall number 25V282. Vehicles previously repaired under recall 25V282 will need to have the new remedy performed.
NHTSA campaign number 25V908000.
Seat Belts
- Affected years
- 2026 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 1,357
- Reported
- Sep 10, 2025
- Owners notified
- Nov 10, 2025
Defect: Volvo Car USA, LLC (Volvo Car) is recalling certain 2026 Volvo XC90MHEV, XC60MHEV, V90CCMHEV, and V60CCMHEV vehicles. The torsion bar in the front seat belt retractors may have been damaged during production.
Risk: A damaged retractor may not properly restrain an occupant during a crash, increasing the risk of injury.
Remedy: Dealers will replace both front seat belt retractors, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed November 17, 2025. Owners may contact Volvo Car's customer service at 1-800-458-1552. Volvo Car's number for this recall is R10340. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall will be searchable on NHTSA.gov beginning September 17, 2025.
NHTSA campaign number 25V589000.
Service Brakes
- Affected years
- 2024-2025 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 11,469
- Reported
- Jun 24, 2025
- Owners notified
- Jul 15, 2025
Defect: Volvo Car USA, LLC (Volvo Car) is recalling certain 2023 Volvo C40 BEV, 2025 EC40, 2023-2024 XC40 BEV, 2020-2026 XC90 PHEV, 2022-2026 XC60 PHEV, 2023-2025 S60 PHEV, 2024-2025 V60 PHEV, and 2025-2026 EX40 and 2025 S90 PHEV vehicles. In certain driving scenarios while coasting down a hill and using "B" mode or "One Pedal Drive," the vehicle may lose brake function.
Risk: A loss of brake function increases the risk of a crash.
Remedy: Owners are advised not to use "B" Mode (for plug-in hybrid vehicles) or "One Pedal Drive" (for pure electric vehicles) until the repair has been completed. The brake module software will be updated over-the-air (OTA) or by a dealer, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed July 15, 2025. Owners may contact Volvo Car's customer service at 1-800-458-1552. Volvo Car's number for this recall is R10329.
NHTSA campaign number 25V392000.
Back Over Prevention
- Affected years
- 2023-2025 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 413,151
- Reported
- May 8, 2025
- Owners notified
- Jun 27, 2025
Defect: Volvo Car USA, LLC (Volvo Car) is recalling certain 2021-2025 XC40, 2022 V90, 2022-2025 S90, V90CC, C40, XC60, 2023-2025 S60, V60, V60CC, XC90, and 2025 EC40 and EX40 vehicles. The rearview camera image may not display when the vehicle is placed in reverse. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 111, "Rear Visibility."
Risk: A rearview camera image that does not display reduces the driver's view of what is behind the vehicle, increasing the risk of a crash.
Remedy: The software will be updated by a dealer or through an over-the-air (OTA) update, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed June 27, 2025. Owners may contact Volvo Car customer service at 1-800-458-1552. Volvo Car's number for this recall is R10320.
NHTSA campaign number 25V282000.
Electrical System
- Affected years
- 2020-2022 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 7,483
- Reported
- Mar 24, 2025
- Owners notified
- May 14, 2025
Defect: Volvo Car USA, LLC (Volvo Car) is recalling certain 2020-2021 S90, 2020-2022 S60, V60, XC60, XC90, and 2022 V90 plug-in hybrid vehicles. The high-voltage battery may experience a short circuit within the battery module when the battery is fully charged and the vehicle is parked.
Risk: A short circuit in a high-voltage battery increases the risk of a fire.
Remedy: Owners are advised not to charge their vehicles until the remedy has been completed. Dealers will inspect and replace the high-voltage battery module as necessary. In addition, dealers will update the software to monitor the battery. All repairs will be performed free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed May 28, 2025. Owners may contact Volvo Car's customer service at 1-800-458-1552. Volvo Car's number for this recall is R10312.
NHTSA campaign number 25V179000.
Service Brakes
- Affected years
- 2020 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 291
- Reported
- Oct 23, 2024
- Owners notified
- Dec 17, 2024
Defect: Volvo Car USA, LLC (Volvo Car) is recalling certain 2020 S60, V60, S90I, XC60 and XC90 hybrid vehicles. The pushrod screw joint, connecting to the brake pedal to the hydraulic brake unit, may be loose.
Risk: A loose brake pedal can result in a loss of braking function, increasing the risk of a crash.
Remedy: Dealers will tighten the brake pedal pushrod screw joint, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed December 17, 2024. Owners may contact Volvo Car customer service at 1-800-458-1552. Volvo's number for this recall is R10289.
NHTSA campaign number 24V788000.
Electrical System
- Affected years
- 2023 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 393
- Reported
- Mar 22, 2023
- Owners notified
- Apr 21, 2023
Defect: Volvo Car USA, LLC (Volvo Car) is recalling certain 2023 S60, V60CC, XC60, XC90, XC40, and C40 vehicles. A diagnostic trouble code (DTC) may be falsely detected for the emergency call system (e-call) and display "e-Call Service Required" in the driver information module (DIM).
Risk: The false warning message could prevent the detection of an actual e-call system failure, which could delay an emergency response during a crash, increasing the risk of injury.
Remedy: Dealers will update the telematics and connectivity antenna module (TCAM) software, free of charge. Owner notification letters are expected to be mailed May 16, 2023. Owners may contact Volvo Car's customer service 1-800-458-1552. Volvo Car's number for this recall is R10225.
NHTSA campaign number 23V188000.
Service Brakes
- Affected years
- 2023 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 27,457
- Reported
- Jan 19, 2023
- Owners notified
- Feb 27, 2023
Defect: Volvo Car USA, LLC (Volvo Car) is recalling certain 2023 S60, V60, V60CC, V90CC, XC60, XC90, XC40, and C40 vehicles. A diagnostic error in the Brake Control Module 2 (BCM2) may cause a loss of Antilock Brake System (ABS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC), and traction control.
Risk: A reduction in brake support functions can increase the risk of a crash.
Remedy: Volvo will release an over-the-air (OTA) BCM2 software update, free of charge. Owner notification letters are expected to be mailed March 15, 2023. Owners may contact Volvo Car customer service at 1-800-458-1552. Volvo Car's number for this recall is R10217.
NHTSA campaign number 23V012000.
Steering
- Affected years
- 2019-2022 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 74
- Reported
- Jan 5, 2023
- Owners notified
- Jan 31, 2023
Defect: Volvo Car USA, LLC (Volvo Car) is recalling certain 2019-2022 V60CC, XC60, and XC90 vehicles. During steering gear assembly, double screws may have been assembled on top of each other, which can cause a screw to fall into the gearbox housing.
Risk: A screw inside the gearbox housing can cause the steering wheel to lock up and increase the risk of a crash.
Remedy: Dealers will replace the steering gear, free of charge. Owner notification letters are expected to be mailed March 1, 2023. Owners may contact Volvo Car's customer service at 1-800-458-1552. Volvo Car's number for this recall is R10213.
NHTSA campaign number 23V001000.
Engine And Engine Cooling
- Affected years
- 2022-2023 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 15,674
- Reported
- Oct 20, 2022
- Owners notified
- Dec 9, 2022
Defect: Volvo Car USA, LLC (Volvo Car) is recalling certain 2022-2023 S60, V60, S90L, XC60, and XC90 vehicles. An electronic control module (ECM) software error may prevent the combustion engine from starting, causing a loss of drive power.
Risk: The vehicle may lose drive power as the high voltage battery is depleted, increasing the risk of a crash.
Remedy: Dealers will update the ECM software, free of charge. Owner notification letters are expected to be mailed December 8, 2022. Owners may contact Volvo Car's customer service at 1-800-458-1552. Volvo Car's number for this recall is R10198.
NHTSA campaign number 22V793000.
Seat Belts
- Affected years
- 2021-2022 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 19,149
- Reported
- Sep 1, 2021
- Owners notified
- Oct 12, 2021
Defect: Volvo Car USA, LLC (Volvo Car) is recalling certain 2021 XC40, XC 40 Recharge, V60CC, V90, V90CC, XC90, and 2021-2022 V60, XC60, S60 vehicles. The seat belt automatic locking retractors may deactivate early, which can prevent the child restraint system from securing properly. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 208, "Occupant Crash Protection."
Risk: An unsecured child restraint system can increase the risk of injury during a crash.
Remedy: Dealers will inspect and replace the seat belt assemblies, as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed October 13, 2021. Owners may contact Volvo Car customer service at 1-888-458-1552. Volvo Car's number for this recall is R10111.
NHTSA campaign number 21V682000.
Electrical System
- Affected years
- 2019-2020 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 85,550
- Reported
- Jun 2, 2021
- Owners notified
- Jul 2, 2021
Defect: Volvo Car USA, LLC (Volvo Car) is recalling certain 2019-2020 V90, XC60, S60, V60, V60CC, S90, V90CC, S90L, and XC90 vehicles. The low-pressure fuel pump can blow a fuse and fail.
Risk: Failure of the low-pressure fuel pump can cause a stall, increasing the risk of a crash.
Remedy: Dealers will replace the fuse, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed July 2, 2021. Owners may contact Volvo Car customer service at 1-888-458-1552. Volvo Car's number for this recall is R10100.
NHTSA campaign number 21V414000.
Air Bags
- Affected years
- 2021 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 2,883
- Reported
- Jan 7, 2021
- Owners notified
- Feb 15, 2021
Defect: Volvo Cars USA, LLC (Volvo Car) is recalling certain 2021 Volvo V60, V60 Cross Country, V90, V90 Cross Country, XC60, and XC90 vehicles. The Supplementary Restraint System (SRS) control unit may not have been properly attached to the car body and may detach during a crash.
Risk: A detached SRS control unit can decrease the performance of occupant protection systems such as air bags, seat belts, and high voltage battery disconnect, increasing the risk of injury during a crash.
Remedy: Volvo Car will notify owners, and dealers will inspect and, as necessary, tighten the SRS control unit mounting screws, free of charge. The recall began February 12, 2021. Owners may contact Volvo Car customer service at 1-888-458-1552. Volvo Car's number for this recall is R10068.
NHTSA campaign number 21V001000.
Seat Belts
- Affected years
- 2011-2018 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 308,260
- Reported
- Jun 30, 2020
- Owners notified
- Dec 10, 2020
Defect: Volvo Cars of N.A., LLC (Volvo) is recalling certain 2008-2016 V70 and XC70, 2007-2016 S80, 2011-2018 S60 and V60, 2016-2018 S60 Cross Country, 2014-2020 S60L, 2009-2015 S80L, 2009-2016 XC60 and 2015-2018 V60 Cross Country vehicles. The flexible steel cable that connects the seat belt to the front outboard seating positions may fatigue over time, causing the seat belt to not secure the occupant in the event of a crash.
Risk: An unsecured occupant has an increased risk of injury in the event of a crash.
Remedy: Volvo will notify owners, and dealers will replace the seat belt anchor cable for both front seats. The recall began December 10, 2020. Owners may contact Volvo customer service at 1-800-458-1552. Volvo's number for this recall is R10029.
NHTSA campaign number 20V378000.
Forward Collision Avoidance
- Affected years
- 2019-2020 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 121,605
- Reported
- Mar 12, 2020
- Owners notified
- Apr 9, 2020
Defect: Volvo Cars USA LLC (Volvo Cars) is recalling certain 2019-2020 S60, V60, V60 Cross Country, S90L, V90, V90 Cross Country, XC40, XC60, and XC90 vehicles. Due to a software/hardware incompatibility, the Automatic Emergency Brake (AEB) system may not detect obstacles and engage as intended.
Risk: If the automatic emergency braking system does not engage as intended, it can increase the risk of a crash.
Remedy: Volvo will notify owners, and dealers will update the Active Safety Domain Master (ASDM) software, free of charge. The recall began April 9, 2020. Owners may contact Volvo customer service at 1-800-458-1552. Volvo's number for this recall is R29998.
NHTSA campaign number 20V144000.
Latches/Locks/Linkages
- Affected years
- 2011-2017 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 144,937
- Reported
- Nov 26, 2019
- Owners notified
- Apr 9, 2020
Defect: Volvo Car of USA LLC (Volvo) is recalling certain 2011-2017 S60, S60I, V60, S60CC and V60CC vehicles. A component within the door latches may break, making the doors difficult to latch and/or leading the driver or a passenger to believe a door is securely closed when, in fact, it is not.
Risk: A door that is not securely latched could open while the vehicle is in motion, increasing the risk of injury to a vehicle occupant.
Remedy: Volvo will notify owners, and dealers will replace all four door latches, free of charge. The recall began April 9, 2020. Owners may contact Volvo customer service at 1-800-458-1552. Volvo's number for this recall is R89978.
NHTSA campaign number 19V849000.
Electrical System
- Affected years
- 2017-2019 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 17,548
- Reported
- Nov 13, 2018
- Owners notified
- Dec 26, 2018
Defect: Volvo Car USA LLC (Volvo) is recalling certain 2017-2019 Volvo XC90, S90, V60, V60 Cross Country, V90, XC40, XC60, and V90 Cross Country vehicles. The software installed in the Vehicle Connectivity Module (VCM) may have an error causing the Telematics and Driver Support Systems to function improperly. As a result, the GPS will not provide location information to emergency personnel in the event of an emergency.
Risk: If the GPS location is not provided to emergency personnel it can inhibit emergency response in the event of a crash or injury.
Remedy: Volvo will notify owners, and dealers will correct the software, free of charge. The recall began December 26, 2018. Owners may contact Volvo customer service at 1-800-458-1552. Volvo's number for this recall is R39917.
NHTSA campaign number 18V800000.
Air Bags
- Affected years
- 2017 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 112
- Reported
- Mar 1, 2017
- Owners notified
- Apr 21, 2017
Defect: Volvo Car USA LLC (Volvo) is recalling certain 2017 S60, S60CC, V60, V60 Cross Country, and XC60 vehicles. The affected vehicles have driver and front passenger seat side mounted side air bags (SAB) with inflator initiators that may fail to ignite during a crash. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 208, "Occupant Crash Protection" and number 214, "Side Impact Protection."
Risk: If the air bag inflator initiator fails to ignite, the air bag will not deploy, increasing the risk of injury.
Remedy: Volvo will notify owners, and dealers will inspect and, if necessary, replace the front seat side air bags, free of charge. The recall began March 31, 2017. Owners may contact Volvo customer service at 1-800-458-1552. Volvo's number for this recall is R89712. Note: This recall is an expansion of recall 16V-918.
NHTSA campaign number 17V127000.
Air Bags
- Affected years
- 2017 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 376
- Reported
- Dec 21, 2016
- Owners notified
- Feb 13, 2017
Defect: Volvo Car USA LLC (Volvo) is recalling certain model year 2017 S60 and S60 Cross Country, V60 and V60 Cross Country, and XC60 vehicles manufactured August 16, 2016, through October 21, 2016. The affected vehicles have driver and front passenger seat side mounted side air bags (SAB) with inflator initiators that may fail to ignite during a crash. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 208, "Occupant Crash Protection" and number 214, "Side Impact Protection."
Risk: If the air bag inflator initiator fails to ignite, the air bag will not deploy, increasing the risk of injury.
Remedy: Volvo will notify owners, and dealers will inspect and, if necessary, replace the front seat side air bags, free of charge. The recall is expected to begin on February 13, 2017. Owners may contact Volvo customer service at 1-800-458-1552. Volvo's number for this recall is R89712.
NHTSA campaign number 16V918000.
Seat Belts
- Affected years
- 2016-2017 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 74,027
- Reported
- Nov 2, 2016
- Owners notified
- Dec 16, 2016
Defect: Volvo Car USA LLC (Volvo) is recalling certain model year 2016-2017 XC90, S90, XC60, V60 Cross Country, V60, S60 Cross Country, S60, and S60 Inscription vehicles manufactured February 16, 2015, to August 22, 2016. On the affected vehicles, the front passenger seat belt buckle attaching stud may loosen, allowing the buckle to separate from the seat belt bracket. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 210, "Seat Belt Assembly Anchorages" and number 209, "Seat Belt Assemblies."
Risk: If the seat belt buckle separates from the bracket, the front seat passenger may not be adequately restrained in the event of a crash, increasing their risk of injury in the event of a crash.
Remedy: Volvo will notify owners, and dealers will inspect the front passenger seat belt buckle stud, replacing the seat belt buckle as needed, free of charge. The recall began January 2017. Owners may contact Volvo customer service at 1-800-458-1552. Volvo's number for this recall is R89708.
NHTSA campaign number 16V798000.
Electrical System
- Affected years
- 2016 Volvo V60
- Vehicles in this recall
- 7,855
- Reported
- Sep 2, 2015
- Owners notified
- Oct 26, 2015
Defect: Volvo Cars of North America, LLC. (Volvo) is recalling certain model year 2016 Volvo S60, V60, V60CC, XC60, XC70, and S80 vehicles manufactured April 8, 2015 to August 19, 2015. In certain driving conditions when using the automatic engine stop/start function, the starter motor fuse may blow, preventing the car from restarting when necessary.
Risk: If the vehicle is unexpectedly unable to be started in the middle of traffic, such as when stopped at an intersection, there is an increased risk of a crash.
Remedy: Volvo will notify owners, and dealers will replace the existing starter motor fuse with a higher amperage fuse, free of charge. The recall began on October 26, 2015. Owners may contact Volvo customer service at 1-800-458-1552 or by visiting http://volvo.custhelp.com. Volvo's number for this recall is R39574.
NHTSA campaign number 15V555000.
Common questions about Volvo V60 recalls
- Does the Volvo V60 have any recalls?
- Yes. NHTSA has 21 recall campaigns on record for the Volvo V60 across the 2011 to 2026 model years. The most common areas are the seat belts, electrical system, and service brakes.
- How many times has the Volvo V60 been recalled?
- The Volvo V60 has 21 recall campaigns from the 2011 to 2026 model years. A single campaign often covers several model years at once, so the number of recalls is not the same as the number of years affected.
- What is the most serious Volvo V60 recall?
- The most serious recall on record involves the back over prevention, affecting 413,151 vehicles. A rearview camera image that does not display reduces the driver's view behind the vehicle, increasing the risk of a crash.
- Which Volvo V60 model year has the most recalls?
- The 2017 Volvo V60 has the most, with 6 recall campaigns on record. Older model years often pick up more recalls over time, since defects can surface years after a car is built.
- How do I check if my Volvo V60 has an open recall?
- Enter your 17-digit VIN on the recall check page. It returns the recalls tied to your exact vehicle straight from NHTSA. Recall repairs are free at a franchised dealer, with no expiration on most safety recalls.
Recall data comes from NHTSA's Office of Defects Investigation. For how it is sourced and how the safety score is built, see the methodology and data sources. This page is a reference, not legal or safety advice.